Theories of learning Essay Example for Free

Theories of learning Essay This assignment will address andragogy – a theory of learning. To do this it will focus on the specific areas of andragogy and compare them to other theories of learning. The theory of andragogy has been around for nearly two centuries and the findings are particularly linked to the work of Malcolm Knowles. The judgements will be related to the experiences of students in higher education. The theory of adult learning is a â€Å"dynamic area of research and theory building. † (Merriam, 2008 p2). Malcolm Knowles explains that â€Å"andragogy assumes that the point at which an individual achieves a self concept of essential self-direction is the point at which he psychologically becomes adult. † (As cited by Atherton J. S, 2005 p1). Knowles (1970) sees andragogy as a contrast to pedagogy (the teaching of children) which he says is a â€Å"teacher dominated form of education, long regarded as appropriate for children’s learning, and [andragogy] a learner-centred one, now viewed as particularly relevant for non-traditional adult learners. † (Bartle, 2008 p1). Knowles explains andragogy to be the â€Å"art and science of helping adults learn† (as cited by Bartle, 2008 p1). He also argues that â€Å"adults were self-directed, problem solving learners whose life experience constituted a significant learning resource. Thus instead of the traditional hierarchical relationship between the teacher and pupil, the adult learner participates fully in his or her education, influencing the curriculum and determining learning objectives. †(Bartle, 2008 p1) Knowles’ assumptions are based around five key facts: 1. Self-concept: as a person matures his concept moves from one of being a dependant personality toward one of being a self-directed human being 2. Experience: As a person matures he accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning. 3. Readiness to learn. As a person matures his readiness to learn becomes orientated increasingly to the developmental tasks of his social roles. 4. Orientation to learning. As a person matures his time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly his orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject- centeredness to one of problem centredness. 5. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal (Knowles 1984:12) (As cited by Smith M. K, 1996; 1999 p1) Each of these assumptions comes under considerable debate. His idea of self-concept implies that all adults move from dependant to self-directed learning and that they need to be responsible for their own decisions. Adults need to be treated as capable of self-direction (Smith M. K, 1996; 1999). Knowles believes that adults should participate in designing their own development tasks and the educator should help to focus on the goals and provide ideas, resources and feedback to guide towards progress (Knowles, 1970). The next point explains the belief that adults learn effectively through â€Å"experimental techniques of education such as discussions and problem solving† (as cited by Smith M. K, 1996; 1999 p3). Sometimes experimental learning in inappropriate, especially when large amounts of new information are necessary and the decision must be made as to what is being learnt before making judgements (Smith M K, 1969; 1999) It could be argued that different experiences could be bias and presumptuous. Knowles third assumption regarding readiness to learn emphasises the place at which the importance of study becomes clear to carry out a particular task. It could be interpreted as adults learn things that are useful rather than intriguing or interesting – do we not learn some things just for sheer pleasure? (Smith M.K, 1969; 1999). It has also been argued by Dewey (1993) that â€Å"literature on reflection (e. g. Boud et al 1985) would support the argument that age and amount of experience makes no educational difference† (cited by Smith M K, 1996;1999). If this is the case then Knowles assumptions on the difference between andragogy and pedagogy are queried. With regard to orientation to learning Knowles sees this as conditioned rather than natural learning (as cited by Smith M. K, 1996; 1999). He states that the educator should ensure the adults desire for growth and anticipated results are clear, personal and realistic. He also expresses that adults are goal orientated in their learning (Knowles 1970). In his final point Knowles (as cited by Bartle, 2008) suggests that as adults the motivation to learn becomes internal, enquiry based and directed by the learner. He also suggests that as adults the relationship between the educator and the learner is one of mutual responsibility where the educator is seen more as a guide or coach. The life experiences of the learner are respected by the educator who becomes â€Å"a colleague who contributes to the learner’s self-esteem and sense of accomplishment† (Knowles, cited by Bartle, 2008 p4). This creates a setting to help the adult realise their full potential and move towards fully independent learning. In comparison to angragogy the constructivist theory of learning, as suggested by Biggs (2003), focuses on the learners knowledge and their approach to learning, suggesting learning is not just about acquiring knowledge but â€Å"as we learn our conceptions of phenomena change and we see the world differently. The acquisition of information in itself does not bring about such a change, but the way we structure the information and think with it does. † (Biggs, 2003 p13) Angagogy relates to Higher Education students as it recognises the great amount of learning that takes place throughout life and in various non-academic settings with the adult learner taking control. Knowles suggests that â€Å"students should be empowered for self-education, determining course content and self evaluation† (Knowles as cited by Bartle, 2008 p4) and prominent adult educators maintain a student-centred classroom by encouraging a problem-solving curriculum inclusive of self-pacing, designed by students, and also offering the opportunity for risk taking. The educator continues to â€Å"raise student consciousness while acknowledging life experience, and building a democratic, flexible, and personally supportive climate. † (Bartle, 2008 p4). In this assignment I have looked at the main areas of andragogy – adult learners being self directed, ready to learn and intrinsically motivated. Andragogy has been compared to pedagogy and constructivism theories and the differences highlighted. The findings have been related to the experiences of students in higher education showing the educators role to remain meaningful but less instructive and the learners learning what they need to know in order to grow. Adult learning is an ever-expanding area of research and theory, challenging ideas and confronting the theories of learning. (1,050 words) Reference List Atherton, J (2005) Learning and teaching: Knowles’ andragogy; an angle on adult learning. [On-line] UK; available; file: //f:/Knowles’%20andragogy%20an%20angle%20on%20adult%20learning. mht Bartle, S (2008) Andragogy. EBSCO Research starters. EBSCO publishing Inc Biggs, J (2003) Teaching For Quality Learning at University. Second Edition. The Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press. Knowles, M (1970) Modern Practice of Adult Education. Chicago: Follet. Merriam, S (2008) Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century. From http://www. interscience. wiley. com Smith, M. K (1996; 1999) â€Å"Andragogy†, the encyclopedia of informed education. http://www. infed. org/lifelonglearning/b-andra. htm Bibliography Brockbank, A and McGill, I (1998) Facilitating Reflective Learning in Higher Education. Buckingham: SHRE/Open University Press. Mortimore, P (1999) Understanding Pedagogy and its Impact on Adult Learning. London:Chapman. Payne, E (2000) Developing Essential Study Skills. London; prentice Hall.

Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., :: English Literature

Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., born 19th of January 1809, was mostly known for his poems and short tales Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., born 19th of January 1809, was mostly known for his poems and short tales and his literary criticism. He has been given credit for inventing the detective story and his pshycological thrillers have been infuences for many writers worldwide. Edgar and his brother and sister were orphaned before Edgar's third birthday and Edgar was taken in to the home of John and Fanny Allan in Richmond, Va. The Allans lived in England for five years (1815-1820) where Edgar also attended school. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia. Although a good student he was forced to gambling since John Allan did not provide well enough. Allan refused to pay Edgar's debts and Edgar had to leave the University after only one year. In 1827 Edgar published his first book, "Tamerlane and other poems" anonymously under the signature "A Bostonian". The poems were heavily influenced from Byron and showed of a youthful attitude. Later in 1827 Edgar enlisted in the Army under the name Edgar A Perry where his quarrels with John Allan continued. Edgar did well in the army but in 1829 he left and decided to apply for a cadetship at West Point. Before he was able to enter West Point Edgar published a book entitled "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and minor poems", this time the book was published, not anonymously, but under the name Edgar A. Poe, where the middle initial acknowledged John Allan's name. Before Edgar left West Point he received financial aid from his fellow cadets to publish a third edition of the book. Edgar called it a second edition though and it was entitled "Poems by Edgar A. Poe" in which his famous poems "To Helen" (another version was published in 1848) and "Israfel" appeared. These show of the musical effect that has come to characterize Edgar's poems. Later Poe moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt, Maria Clemm, and his first cousin Virginia. In 1832 he won a $50 prize for his story "MS. Found in a Bottle" in the Baltimore Saturday Visiter. In 1835 Poe brought his aunt and cousin to Richmond where he worked with Thomas Willis White at the Southern Litterary Messenger. He also married his cousin Virginia, only thirteen years old. Most of Edgar's work with the Messenger were of a critical nature but he also published some literary work such as "Berenice".

To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume

Generally, a resume is a list of credentials that serves as an introduction to those who will hopefully employ a person for a particular job or position. To write a proper and well-constructed resume is often a rather daunting task, due to the need to thoroughly assess one's personality, accomplishments and acquired skills. The act of composing and submitting a resume also requires a careful consideration of the company that might be one's future employer. A person must know exactly what the company is looking for and if his/her qualifications meet the company's overall needs. But writing the resume is but one crucial step in the process, yet it is the most important element which will eventually lead to a new job or position. A poorly written resume often results in a negative response from employers, yet a well-written and conceived resume can influence the employer or interviewer to ask about one's strengths and the skills that a person can bring to a prospective employer. Even a person with little or no experience can find a good job is he/she is helped by a thoughtful and well-polished resume. In today's modern world, employers do not have the time nor the patience to read lengthy and disorganized resumes, for in reality, they look for tightly-composed, straightforward and action-based resumes. Although a one-page resume is the normal type, a two-pager may be needed if the person seeking employment has extensive work experience or has changed careers and requires the proper space to relate their accomplishments and work experience. According to â€Å"Writing Resume Tips,† the following traits must be part of every successful resume-careful proofreading with attention paid to spelling, punctuation, grammar and style; all information must be organized in a logical fashion; all descriptions must be clear and to the point; simple and easy to read fonts are mandatory, such as New Times Roman, Palatino, Helvetica and Arial; if possible, the resume must be confined to one single page; always include as much work experience as possible, even if it does not relate directly to the job one is seeking; all information must be tailored to the job one is seeking, and lastly, if one is not sure on how to proceed with the writing of a resume, always seek out professional assistance, either at school or the local library (Jobweb, Internet). Of course, knowing exactly what to include in a resume is an art in itself, for everything depends on a person's â€Å"individual career goals as well as one the professional goals of the companies hiring in (one's) area or field of interest. † Thus, through â€Å"research, planning, questioning and self-reflection,† a person will be able to create a well-written and positively-viewed resume (â€Å"Your Resume: General Concerns,† Internet). There are three types of resumes that are currently being used by students fresh from the university and by professional persons seeking new positions or changing their careers. The first is called the reverse chronological resume in which the most recent job or position is listed first. This is the type of resume usually preferred by employers who have to read a large number of resumes and it is by far the most popular and widely circulated. However, this type of resume may not be the most effective means of highlighting one's skills and accomplishments. A second type of resume is known as the functional resume which is generally used by those re-entering the workforce after many years or trying to change career fields. This type places the focus on achievements instead of the sequence of one's work history as in the chronological resume. In the functional resume, a person's experience is presented via general accomplishments and the skills developed over one's entire working life. Also, the functional resume is organized quite differently. For example, the work experience section is divided in two with job duties and accomplishments making up one section; the second section contains the basic elements of one's work history and comes after the accomplishments section which is often called â€Å"employment history,† due to being a chronological overview of former jobs and positions. In today's technological age, there is now another type of resume known as the electronic resume which is cut and pasted in an email and transmitted as part of the email message. Generally, this type of resume contains no formatting-â€Å"Whatever was bold becomes regular type; underlining, italics, centering and justification disappear, and the resume ends up being transmitted in the font designed for emailing† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 67). However, under exceptional circumstances, a person may opt to create a generic resume which contains no industry-specific information and is meant to appeal to a wide range of organizations and companies. For the most part, all of these type of resumes, with the exception of the electronic type, contain two important sections-first, the primary section, made up of an introduction, experience and education, and then the secondary section which may contain the objective, professional honors and awards, publications, computer skills, professional organizations, community activities, club memberships, volunteer positions, college work experience, military experience and some personal information such as supportive references (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 78). Obviously, the three most important elements of any well-organized resume are the introduction which gives the potential employer some basic background information on exactly which job or position is being sought, the experience section which details a person's work history and the education section which highlights a person's educational achievements at the high school, local community college and university levels. The experience section of a resume describes the work that a person has performed throughout his/her working life or career and thus appears first on the resume. However, if a person is changing careers, his/her work experience may be completely unrelated to the type of job or position being sought which makes the education section more important, thereby placing it before the experience section. Also, if a person has held a position in which certain degrees or related documents were required for employment, such as in law, medicine, engineering or management, the resume must begin with the education section. If a resume is begun with the work experience section, it should be in reverse chronological order, starting with the most current or recent employer. This section must also include accomplishments and duties via what type of work was done, what was achieved and how an employer benefited from one's accomplishments on the job. Special consideration should be given to supervision, such as holding some type of management position in which one supervised or managed a number of people along with the specific title one held (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 95). Following the primary section, the resume then offers more information on various personal traits. With the objective, this statement refers to the type of position one is seeking, but often it is omitted, due to limiting the types of positions which may be offered to the prospective employee by the company or institution. When describing the job objective, it is a good idea to keep it extremely simple and direct and to make certain that it tells the employer what one wants to do within a company. Professional honors and awards can also be included in the objective, but only if they relate to the position being sought. For instance, a person applying as a manager in the automotive business might include awards from major automobile manufacturers or recognition for some type of innovative change. A person might also include any type of publishing credentials, especially those related to the position one is seeking. Since today's world is so reliant on technology, it is a good idea to include a short description on one's computer skills, particularly if the skills are related to programs essential to engineering or statistical management. Professional organizations can often play important roles, for they demonstrate â€Å"a sincere interest and commitment to one's career and reflect real involvement in a person's chosen field of specialty† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 124). The same holds true for community activities, club memberships and voluntary activities outside of the work environment, and by mentioning them, it may be beneficial if the position one is seeking requires strong social skills, such as in management and personnel recruitment. For those seeking to change careers and recent university graduates, including college work experience on a resume can make all the difference, for the potential employer will see that the person seeking the job or position was highly interested as a student in a particular vocation, especially if there is an indication that the work experience was as an intern, meaning that it was unpaid and voluntary. Of course, military experience can often be highly influential, for some employers may be veterans or currently hold reserve status in the National Guard or Coast Guard. One final piece of advice has to do with mentioning memberships in organizations that indicate a person's religion, such as Masonic lodges or fraternities, and political preference, such as a member of a political party. In the field of management, the narrative paragraph adds the finishing touch to most resumes and is designed to provide â€Å"key information about one's abilities, including any advanced or specialized education, publishing credentials and speaking engagements, all of which usually greatly impressive prospective employers† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 126). When composing the narrative, those seeking positions in management should try to include descriptive statements that pertain to one's accomplishments, responsibilities and personal strengths. For example, a resume could mention that the prospective employee is an innovative and energetic leader, a skilled communicator and team builder; an accomplished expert at organizational repositioning and the development of strategic initiatives; an accomplished corporate strategist; has demonstrated leadership abilities to develop and implement solutions that improve sales and revenues; an expert at identifying and capturing business in high-growth market segments; accomplished at managing diverse groups, people and situations and an expert at human resources development, motivation and management. In conclusion, a resume is an extremely subjective document, and while its primary goal is to illustrate a potential employee's strengths, accomplishments and capabilities, the exact way to present these traits depends on the interviewer/employer. However, a well-constructed and written resume will always be appreciated by potential employers, for it not only demonstrates a person's organizational abilities but also illuminates one's dedication and perseverance to the often agonizing pursuit of finding the right job or position. To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume Generally, a resume is a list of credentials that serves as an introduction to those who will hopefully employ a person for a particular job or position. To write a proper and well-constructed resume is often a rather daunting task, due to the need to thoroughly assess one's personality, accomplishments and acquired skills. The act of composing and submitting a resume also requires a careful consideration of the company that might be one's future employer. A person must know exactly what the company is looking for and if his/her qualifications meet the company's overall needs. But writing the resume is but one crucial step in the process, yet it is the most important element which will eventually lead to a new job or position. A poorly written resume often results in a negative response from employers, yet a well-written and conceived resume can influence the employer or interviewer to ask about one's strengths and the skills that a person can bring to a prospective employer. Even a person with little or no experience can find a good job is he/she is helped by a thoughtful and well-polished resume. In today's modern world, employers do not have the time nor the patience to read lengthy and disorganized resumes, for in reality, they look for tightly-composed, straightforward and action-based resumes. Although a one-page resume is the normal type, a two-pager may be needed if the person seeking employment has extensive work experience or has changed careers and requires the proper space to relate their accomplishments and work experience. According to â€Å"Writing Resume Tips,† the following traits must be part of every successful resume-careful proofreading with attention paid to spelling, punctuation, grammar and style; all information must be organized in a logical fashion; all descriptions must be clear and to the point; simple and easy to read fonts are mandatory, such as New Times Roman, Palatino, Helvetica and Arial; if possible, the resume must be confined to one single page; always include as much work experience as possible, even if it does not relate directly to the job one is seeking; all information must be tailored to the job one is seeking, and lastly, if one is not sure on how to proceed with the writing of a resume, always seek out professional assistance, either at school or the local library (Jobweb, Internet). Of course, knowing exactly what to include in a resume is an art in itself, for everything depends on a person's â€Å"individual career goals as well as one the professional goals of the companies hiring in (one's) area or field of interest. † Thus, through â€Å"research, planning, questioning and self-reflection,† a person will be able to create a well-written and positively-viewed resume (â€Å"Your Resume: General Concerns,† Internet). There are three types of resumes that are currently being used by students fresh from the university and by professional persons seeking new positions or changing their careers. The first is called the reverse chronological resume in which the most recent job or position is listed first. This is the type of resume usually preferred by employers who have to read a large number of resumes and it is by far the most popular and widely circulated. However, this type of resume may not be the most effective means of highlighting one's skills and accomplishments. A second type of resume is known as the functional resume which is generally used by those re-entering the workforce after many years or trying to change career fields. This type places the focus on achievements instead of the sequence of one's work history as in the chronological resume. In the functional resume, a person's experience is presented via general accomplishments and the skills developed over one's entire working life. Also, the functional resume is organized quite differently. For example, the work experience section is divided in two with job duties and accomplishments making up one section; the second section contains the basic elements of one's work history and comes after the accomplishments section which is often called â€Å"employment history,† due to being a chronological overview of former jobs and positions. In today's technological age, there is now another type of resume known as the electronic resume which is cut and pasted in an email and transmitted as part of the email message. Generally, this type of resume contains no formatting-â€Å"Whatever was bold becomes regular type; underlining, italics, centering and justification disappear, and the resume ends up being transmitted in the font designed for emailing† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 67). However, under exceptional circumstances, a person may opt to create a generic resume which contains no industry-specific information and is meant to appeal to a wide range of organizations and companies. For the most part, all of these type of resumes, with the exception of the electronic type, contain two important sections-first, the primary section, made up of an introduction, experience and education, and then the secondary section which may contain the objective, professional honors and awards, publications, computer skills, professional organizations, community activities, club memberships, volunteer positions, college work experience, military experience and some personal information such as supportive references (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 78). Obviously, the three most important elements of any well-organized resume are the introduction which gives the potential employer some basic background information on exactly which job or position is being sought, the experience section which details a person's work history and the education section which highlights a person's educational achievements at the high school, local community college and university levels. The experience section of a resume describes the work that a person has performed throughout his/her working life or career and thus appears first on the resume. However, if a person is changing careers, his/her work experience may be completely unrelated to the type of job or position being sought which makes the education section more important, thereby placing it before the experience section. Also, if a person has held a position in which certain degrees or related documents were required for employment, such as in law, medicine, engineering or management, the resume must begin with the education section. If a resume is begun with the work experience section, it should be in reverse chronological order, starting with the most current or recent employer. This section must also include accomplishments and duties via what type of work was done, what was achieved and how an employer benefited from one's accomplishments on the job. Special consideration should be given to supervision, such as holding some type of management position in which one supervised or managed a number of people along with the specific title one held (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 95). Following the primary section, the resume then offers more information on various personal traits. With the objective, this statement refers to the type of position one is seeking, but often it is omitted, due to limiting the types of positions which may be offered to the prospective employee by the company or institution. When describing the job objective, it is a good idea to keep it extremely simple and direct and to make certain that it tells the employer what one wants to do within a company. Professional honors and awards can also be included in the objective, but only if they relate to the position being sought. For instance, a person applying as a manager in the automotive business might include awards from major automobile manufacturers or recognition for some type of innovative change. A person might also include any type of publishing credentials, especially those related to the position one is seeking. Since today's world is so reliant on technology, it is a good idea to include a short description on one's computer skills, particularly if the skills are related to programs essential to engineering or statistical management. Professional organizations can often play important roles, for they demonstrate â€Å"a sincere interest and commitment to one's career and reflect real involvement in a person's chosen field of specialty† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 124). The same holds true for community activities, club memberships and voluntary activities outside of the work environment, and by mentioning them, it may be beneficial if the position one is seeking requires strong social skills, such as in management and personnel recruitment. For those seeking to change careers and recent university graduates, including college work experience on a resume can make all the difference, for the potential employer will see that the person seeking the job or position was highly interested as a student in a particular vocation, especially if there is an indication that the work experience was as an intern, meaning that it was unpaid and voluntary. Of course, military experience can often be highly influential, for some employers may be veterans or currently hold reserve status in the National Guard or Coast Guard. One final piece of advice has to do with mentioning memberships in organizations that indicate a person's religion, such as Masonic lodges or fraternities, and political preference, such as a member of a political party. In the field of management, the narrative paragraph adds the finishing touch to most resumes and is designed to provide â€Å"key information about one's abilities, including any advanced or specialized education, publishing credentials and speaking engagements, all of which usually greatly impressive prospective employers† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 126). When composing the narrative, those seeking positions in management should try to include descriptive statements that pertain to one's accomplishments, responsibilities and personal strengths. For example, a resume could mention that the prospective employee is an innovative and energetic leader, a skilled communicator and team builder; an accomplished expert at organizational repositioning and the development of strategic initiatives; an accomplished corporate strategist; has demonstrated leadership abilities to develop and implement solutions that improve sales and revenues; an expert at identifying and capturing business in high-growth market segments; accomplished at managing diverse groups, people and situations and an expert at human resources development, motivation and management. In conclusion, a resume is an extremely subjective document, and while its primary goal is to illustrate a potential employee's strengths, accomplishments and capabilities, the exact way to present these traits depends on the interviewer/employer. However, a well-constructed and written resume will always be appreciated by potential employers, for it not only demonstrates a person's organizational abilities but also illuminates one's dedication and perseverance to the often agonizing pursuit of finding the right job or position.

Women Of A Modern Indian Sex Worker - 1339 Words

A woman is a mother, a sister, a daughter, and an aunt. She can be a teacher, a rocket scientist and a model. Sadly, sometimes she is also a prostitute. Exploitation of women for sex has been an ancient practice that is still prevalent in present time. Modern prostitution is a growing problem with its roots planted deep in the past. Ancient Athens was not an exception when it came to prostitution, with both men and women being targeted. There is limited information regarding the consequences of and characteristics of Athenian prostitutes but the sources that are available present many similarities as well as differences with modern Indian prostitutes. Even though these women are separated by centuries, their work still remains. Through a careful research of the definition of Athenian prostitute and characteristics of a modern Indian sex worker, the two types of women can be compared. Prostitution in Ancient Athens was not uncommon, however in order to paint a full picture of an Athenian prostitute one must start from the very beginning. Because sources are scarce and words such as â€Å"hubris and â€Å"hetaira† get lost in translation. There is no clear definition of Athenian prostitution, however, authors do seem to agree that â€Å"the word hubris is used in Athenian sources to refer to certain forms of sexual violence† (Cohen 171). Therefore, hubris may include rape and homo/heterosexual prostitution. It also involves physical violence, verbal insult, adultery, and seduction (CohenShow MoreRelatedAngela Davis and Feminism Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesMothers, fathers, daughters, sons, aunts, uncles, grandparents, pimps, prostitutes, straight people, gay people, lesbian people, Europeans, Asians, Indians, and Africans all have once thing in common: they are products of sexuality. 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In 2007, the  Ministry of Women and Child Development  reported the presence of 2.8 million  sex workers  in India, with 35.47 percent of them entering the trade before the age of 18 years.[3][4]  The number of prostitutes has doubled in the last decade.[5] According to a  Human Rights Watch  report, Indian anti-traffickingRead MoreWho Are Philosophers And Writers Of Great Ingenuity?1545 Words   |  7 Pagesto put down into direct words such global concepts, as are portrayed by the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel, both of whom are philosophers and writers of great ingenuity. With the main aspects continuing to serve as important criticisms of modern day society, reflecting back upon the ideologies brought forth by two of the most influential figures is almost inevitable. Not only did they pursue to analyze the societal and economic world systems, but in the process of doing so, have opened theRead MoreComparing China s And India s Sexual History1161 Words   |  5 Pageshistory I saw that they had many unique preparative on sex compared to todays. For example in India’s famous book Kamasutra which discussed the nature of love and how to make a good family and home. This makes is seemingly normal compared to the mode rn day. However the thing that makes Kamasutra so unique and different is was that they categorized men by their penis sizes and women by the size of their vagina. The Kamasutra also recommended women on sexual techniques on how to please their husbandsRead MoreThe, Human Trafficking, And The Saga Of 53 Indian Nationals1375 Words   |  6 Pagesurinals†¦there were four showers†¦.we were told not to go anywhere or leave the dormitory†¦most of us had to stand or sit on the floor while we ate.† Footnote: Michael A. Scaperlanda, Human Trafficking in the Heartland: Greed, Visa Fraud, and the Saga of 53 Indian Nationals Enslaved by a Tulsa Company, Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, (2005): 232, accessed January 16, 2016, http://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130context=lucilr. †¢ â€Å"The new dorm†¦was larger, but we wereRead MoreInstitutional DIscrimination is Unjust716 Words   |  3 Pagesslavery and women as ‘stay at home moms’ but it still exist in the modern times of the last ten years. Everyday American’s face discrimination by companies and institutions based on gender, race, and social class with negative judgment. The negative judgments leads to the unjust treatment such as unequal payment, healthcare coverage and inaccurate stereotypes. In article, â€Å"Gender Gouging† from Multinational Monitor Magazine’s January/ February 2009 Edition, the unjust treatments of women comparedRead More Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesneed for quality special education is strongly felt by the women and girls within the Native American culture because of the pressures of their cultures and societies. Woman and girls have always held distinctive roles within the Native American community. These role have withstood the test of time. In a discussion with Juan Zuniga, a bilingual educator with an emphasis on Hispanic and American Indian cultures, I found that women in the Native American society are very much so, encouraged